A wife and mother 0.075 free download

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Social Services Manitoba Department of Families offices. Manitoba Housing Office locations throughout Manitoba. Provincial Departments Government of Manitoba departments, crown corporations, boards and agencies. The model fitness was checked using Hosmer—Lemeshow and confirmed that the model was fit. Since ethical procedures are the responsibility of institutions that funded, commissioned, and managed the surveys, further ethical clearance was not required.

Regarding respondents, from this total, about 7. More than one-quarter Regarding wife beating attitude, approximately However, The pooled result shows that about As shown in Table 2 , prevalence of childhood diarrhea varied across subpopulations of explanatory variables.

For instance, prevalence of childhood diarrhea among children from married women who were empowered was Prevalence of childhood diarrhea also varied based on religious beliefs. For instance, approximately As shown in Figure 3 , the pooled results from the 25 sub-Saharan African countries show that about Prevalence of childhood diarrhea varied across studied countries.

The study shows that the highest prevalence of childhood diarrhea was observed in Chad On the other hand, lowest childhood diarrhea was observed in Sierra-Leone 8. Table 3 shows the association between attitude towards wife beating and childhood diarrhea. The study also shows lower odds of diarrhea among under-five children of married women within the age groups of 35—39 years 0. The pooled results from the 25 sub-Saharan African countries show that about This finding is higher compared to previous studies in Ethiopia Higher prevalence of childhood diarrhea among children of married women in the present study could be due to variations in the methodology we used including the target population [ 35 , 36 ].

We only included married women because maternal and child health services are more challenging among married women [ 35 , 36 ]. In this study, we found lower odds of diarrhea among under-five children of married women who disagreed with wife beating compared to under-five children of married women who agreed with wife beating. Comparable findings were reported in prior studies in Indonesia [ 19 ]. Better care of children and health seeking behavior for child health services are seen among women who usually utilize maternal health services and visit health institutions [ 43 ].

We found that the odds of diarrhea were lower among under-five children of older married women compared to under-five children of adolescent married women as documented in SSA [ 16 ] and Pernambuco, Brazil [ 44 ].

This could be because younger women might be inexperienced in care of children including feeding of their children compared to older women [ 16 , 44 , 45 ].

Again, this experience might help the women to have more knowledge and demonstrate their knowledge in prevention of diarrhea [ 16 ]. In contrast with a previous study in Ethiopia [ 46 ], the present study shows that there were higher odds of diarrhea among under-five children of married women whose husband attended primary school compared to under-five children of married women whose husband had no formal education. This may need further studies to know the mechanism why higher odds of childhood diarrhea are seen among women with educated husband.

This study shows that the odds of diarrhea were higher among under-five children of married women with higher paritycompared to under-five children of married women with lower parity. This could be due to the effect of high parity itself and their relations with short birth interval deplete maternal nutrition and child survival for infectious diseases [ 47 ]. The physical and caloric demands, mixed with physical and caloric stress life in repeated pregnancy result in depletion of maternal nutritional status [ 48 ].

Moreover, the present study showed the association between religious beliefs and childhood diarrhea [ 34 , 49 , 50 ]. This finding is comparable with previous studies in India [ 34 , 49 ], Kenya, Nigeria, and Niger [ 50 ] that showed the association between religion and healthcare seeking behavior for childhood diarrhea.

More specifically, we found higher odds of diarrhea among under-five children of married women who belonged to Islamic religion compared to under-five children of married women who professed to be Christian. Previous study in SSA [ 51 ] showed that child mortality was also significantly higher among Muslim women compared to non-Muslim women. This could be related to utilization of maternal and child health services [ 51 ] and lower years of schooling among Muslim women compared to non-Muslim women [ 51 ].

A prior study in SSA showed the large difference in years of schooling from 9. Not only among Muslim women has evidence showed that generally the majority of Muslim adults in SSA lack basic educational attainment [ 52 , 53 ], but also different prior studies in India [ 34 ], Bangladesh [ 54 ], and different parts of Ethiopia [ 55 , 56 ] documented that better childcare, feeding, and hygiene practice are associated with women education.

The other possible reason for higher odds of childhood diarrhea among children of Muslim women could be linkage between nonacceptance and poor utilization of vaccination, such as Rota virus [ 57 ]. However, WHO delivered a report on the joint view of Islamic religious academics, saying that animal-derived medical products, including vaccines, that undergo a transformation are considered clean [ 58 ].

Not all of the Islamic faith considers vaccines to be halal or allowable under Islamic Shariah Law [ 57 ]. In situations where vaccine is considered haram banned , children might not get immunization services and still vulnerable for life threatening disease and need working with religious leaders especially where vaccines are strictly prohibited [ 57 ].

Using nationally representative and large sample size, examining attitude towards wife beating and childhood diarrhea in 25 countries in SSA is a major strength of the paper.

However, the study has the following limitations. First, the cross-sectional nature of DHS data might not allow inferring cause-effect relationships.

Second, since the data were self-reported, recall bias might affect the findings. Third, since we included only married women, the findings might not be applicable to all reproductive age [ 11 , 15 — 48 ] women and finally, because of exclusion criteria few countries in SSA were not included and the findings might not be applicable to all sub-Saharan African countries.

The findings from the pooled results show that a large proportion of married women Childhood diarrhea varied from a highest prevalence in Chad We found lower odds of childhood diarrhea among married women who disagreed with wife beating compared to children of married women who agreed with wife beating. Therefore, in order to improve prevalence ofdiarrhea among children under five in SSA, the national government in each country and other stakeholders who are concerned for child health need to work on women empowerment.

The interventions may be implemented through multidimensional mechanisms including education, and economy and other strategies, such as increasing awareness about domestic violence and their reproductive and human rights, especially for young women. Furthermore, strengthening of family planning services or birth spacing and working closely with religious leaders also are important to reduce childhood diarrhea.

Ethical approval was not required for this study since the data are secondary and are available in the public domain.

SY and BZ designed the study, collected the data, performed the first analysis, and drafted the manuscript. SY had final responsibility to submit for publication. All the authors approved the final version of the manuscript for publication. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors.

Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Jose Guilherme Cecatti. Received 07 May Accepted 26 Oct Published 13 Nov Abstract Background. Introduction Globally, substantial progress has been made in reducing death among children under five [ 1 , 2 ], from Methods 2. Table 1. Year of survey and weighted sample in each studied country. Figure 1. Figure 2. Prevalence of disagreement with wife beating among married women of children under five in SSA.

Table 2. Frequency distribution of respondents and distribution of childhood diarrhea cross explanatory variables: evidence from 25 SSA countries. Figure 3. Prevalence of diarrhea among children under five of married women in sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 3. Association between wife beating attitude and childhood diarrhea among married women: evidence from 25 SSA countries. View at: Google Scholar A. Malhotra, S. Schuler, and C. View at: Google Scholar F. Bayissa, J. Smits, and R. Zhu, J. Burney, R. Naylor, and T. Kishor and L. View at: Google Scholar T. Croft, A. Marshall, and C. Abreha, S. Walelign, and Y. Na, L. Jennings, S. Talegawkar, and S. Yaya, E. Odusina, O. Uthman, and G. Ndaimani, M.

Mhlanga, and V. Alebel, C. Tesema, B. Temesgen, A. Gebrie, P. Petrucka, and G. Adedokun and S. Getachew, T. Guadu, A. Tadie et al. Astutik, F.